Procedures for Administering the Three Types of Injections " Image"

Procedures for Administering the Three Types of Injections " Image"                    Home

In medical terminology injection is referred as a shot or jab and is a popular way of infusing liquid medicines in to a patient's body. Besides taking oral medicines for health problems or topical applications of medicines in the form of lotions and creams, there are injections, which are considered the most frequently used medical procedures. According to a report by the WHO, an estimated 20 billion injections are administered each year world-wide.

What is an Injection (in Medical)?

Injection is defined as a process by which a small area of ​​the skin is pierced or punctured with a syringe and needle to insert a substance for prophylactic, curative, or recreational purposes. It is to be noted that an injection follows a parenteral route of administration; that is, medicines are administered not through the digestive tract.

Methods of Injections Infusions: Types of Injection

Injections can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermally, or subcutaneously. Each type of injection is used for a specific health problem, specific purpose, but the procedures for preparing the injections are the same

Subcutaneous

Intravenous

 Intradermal 

 Intramuscular

References:
http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-drugs/injections.html

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How Eye test for Distance vision ?

Comprehensive Eye and Vision Examination                                          Home

Periodic eye and vision examinations are an important part of preventive health care. Many eye and vision problems have no obvious signs or symptoms. As a result, individuals are often unaware that problems exist. Early diagnosis and treatment of eye and vision problems are important for maintaining good vision and eye health, and when possible, preventing vision loss.

A comprehensive adult eye and vision examination may include, but is not limited to, the following tests. Individual patient signs and symptoms, along with the professional judgment of the doctor, may significantly influence the testing done.

Eye examination is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist (medical doctor), optometrist, or orthoptist assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern objects, as well as other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes. Health care professionals often recommend that all people should have periodic and thorough eye examinations as part of routine primary care, especially since many eye diseases are asymptomatic.

Eye test for Distance vision

This test can be taken with or without glasses.

To take this test correctly, it is necessary to place yourself at a distance from the screen of approximately:

2.20m for a 20 "screen,

1.50m for a 17 "screen,

1m for a 15 "screen,

75cm for a 14 "screen

Screen Cover one eye with your hand, without pressing on the lid, and read the test below, letter by letter.

Cover the other eye and begin the test again.

If you have read the test as successfully with the right eye as with the left eye, you probably have good central acuity. If you do not manage to read all the letters, either with one eye or with two, an eyesight check by an eye care specialist would appear necessary.

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What causes shaking chills or rigors?

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·         Menopause

A marked condition in menopausal women, hot flashes are episodes characterized by intense undulations; rising from tepidity to heat. Hot flashes preponderantly target the face and the upper body. They may frequent menopausal women any time during the day; however, nighttime flashes, too, are a common complaint registered by women. Waking up to a self, soaked in sweat is one disturbing characteristic. The episode may culminate in a matter of five minutes; however, it is also probable that the body regains the normal temperature only after 20 to 25 minutes have lapsed. When the hot flashes subside, they often culminate with a drop in body temperature. Women may feel abnormally frigid for a brief period before the body is absolved of all the symptoms.

·         Anxiety

Anxiety impedes an individual's modus operandi ad nauseam. Anxiousness plagues each one of us at some point in time of our lives; however, when anxiety pullulates beyond the stretch of imagination, the serial of conundrums begin to arise. Ad hoc stimuli may generate stress and tension no end; however, what siphons attention is the phase when anxiety becomes a way of life. Termed chronic anxiety, a panic attack may trigger fluctuations in the body's temperature; sweaty palms, icy feet progressing toward chills. Palpitations and lightheadedness may further escalate the chills.

·           Malaria

The paroxysmal cycle of malaria begins with a period of chills lasting one to two hours. Headache and severe muscle pain are prominent. Shaking chills are accompanied by high fever that lasts three to four hours. This is followed by two to four hours of profuse diaphoresis commonly known as sweating. Chills occur within the time range of 48 to 72 hours when caused by Plasmodium malariae and every 40 to 42 hours when the chills are caused by P. vivax or P. ovale.

·           Snakebite

Snakebites may also cause chills with fever, profuse sweating, weakness, dizziness, fainting, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and thirst. The area of ​​the snakebite may be marked by immediate swelling and tenderness, pain and a bloody discharge. The patient is in a state of shock; thus, one may also have difficulties in articulating, and suffer visual impairment that may also lead to paralysis.

·           Influenza

With the onset of influenza, there is an abrupt onset of chills, fever, severe headache, and cough. It is evidenced that some patients develop fulminant rhinitis, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, and sore throat. Chills generally subside after the first few days, but an intermittent fever, weakness, and cough may persist approximately for a week.

·           Pneumonia

Pneumonia characteristically causes intermittent chills. Pneumonia is characterized by the onset of fever, cough with sputum being bloody in nature, chest pain, dyspnea, and tachycardia. The patient may experience bronchial breathing sounds and crackles accompanied with fatigue, and a headache.

·           Cold Climate

Feeling chilly is the body's natural response to cold weather. Shivering of the body in cold environment indicates that the body is no longer able to tolerate the low temperature of the surrounding area. The difference between the temperature of the body and the existing surroundings causes chills to occur.

·         Cholangitis

Shaking chills accompanied with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice characterizes a sudden obstruction of the common bile duct. If you are suffering from these symptoms, you may be suffering from cholangitis.

·         Sinusitis

In sinusitis, shaking chills occur along with fever, headache, tenderness, and swelling over the affected sinuses. The primary indicator of sinusitis is nasal discharge that consists of traces of blood for a day or two.

·         Alcohol Withdrawal

An alcoholist may find it deucedly difficult to pull himself away from consuming alcohol. However, a sudden withdrawal may lead to panic attacks, lightheadedness, uneasiness, and consequently chills.

·         Septic Arthritis

It when the system is invaded by deleterious bacteria finding their way through the bloodstream, that the body endures chills and fever. Swollen and painful joints are the other indicants of septic arthritis.

·         Hepatic Abscess

Hepatic abscess is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe abdominal tenderness, chills and fever. This pain may rise and abnormally affect the shoulder region.

·         Hemolytic Anemia

With acute hemolytic anemia, shaking chills occur with fever and abdominal pain. The patient develops jaundice, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly.

In case of children, they are not considered to be potent victims of chills because they have poorly developed shivering mechanisms. Infections that are contracted by children, such as measles and mumps, are not capable of producing shaking chills. However, older children and teenagers may have chills if they are infected with pneumonia.

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When will my infant begin to walking?

When will my infant begin to walking?                                                                        Home

When it comes to milestones, your baby's first steps can't be beat. One day he's standing against the couch – maybe sliding along it – and the next he's tottering hesitantly into your waiting arms. Then he's off and running, leaving babyhood behind. Your child's first steps are his first major move toward independence.
When it develops
During her first year, your baby is busy developing coordination and muscle strength in every part of her body. She'll learn to  sit, roll over, and crawl before moving on to pulling up and standing at about 9 months. From then on, it's a matter of gaining confidence and balance.
Most babies take their first steps sometime between 9 and 12 months and are walking well by the time they're 14 or 15 months old. Don't worry if your child takes a little longer, though. Some perfectly normal children don't walk until they're 16 or 17 months old.

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Diet and calories ... more in the following books...

DIET : food and drink regularly provided or consumed                                                    Home


Healthy eating is one of the best things you can do to prevent and control health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

DOWNLOAD " FAT AND CALORIE COUNTER BOOK "

DOWNLOAD " CLEANSE SAMPLE MEAL PLAN BOOK "

DOWNLOAD " VEGAN DIET PLAN "

To calculate the calories Click here

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Normal ECG...

Normal sinus rhythm is indicated by a heart rate in the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute with a steady rate, aside from variations due to respiration.

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Free for (android) ...Do you want to know that your weight normal or not? Download this program ...

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a person's weight and height. BMI provides a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems

DOWNLOAD Link 1

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                                                     To read more about obesity please click here 

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How are hemorrhoids treated?

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Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in your anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids may result from straining during bowel movements or from the increased pressure on these veins during pregnancy, among other causes. Hemorrhoids may be located inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids), or they may develop under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids).

·        External (outside) hemorrhoids develop near the anus and are covered by very sensitive skin. These are usually painless. However, if a blood clot (thrombosis) develops in an external hemorrhoid, it becomes a painful, hard lump. The external hemorrhoid may bleed if it ruptures.

·        Internal (inside) hemorrhoids develop within the anus beneath the lining. Painless bleeding and protrusion during bowel movements are the most common symptom. However, an internal hemorrhoid can cause severe pain if it is completely "prolapsed" - protrudes from the anal opening and cannot be pushed back inside.

How are hemorrhoids treated?

Mild symptoms can be relieved frequently by increasing the amount of fiber (e.g., fruits, vegetables, breads and cereals) and fluids in the diet. Eliminating excessive straining reduces the pressure on hemorrhoids and helps prevent them from protruding. A sitz bath - sitting in plain warm water for about 10 minutes - can  also provide some relief .

With these measures, the pain and swelling of most symptomatic hemorrhoids will decrease in two to seven days, and the firm lump should recede within four to six weeks. In cases of severe or persistent pain from a thrombosed hemorrhoid, your physician may elect to remove the hemorrhoid containing the clot with a small incision. Performed under local anesthesia as an outpatient, this procedure generally provides relief.

Severe hemorrhoids may require special treatment, much of which can be performed on an outpatient basis.

Avoid making hemorrhoids worse

·         Blot the  anus gently with white toilet paper moistened with water or a cleansing agent (such as Balneol) after bowel movements. Baby wipes or other premoistened towels (such as  Tucks) are also useful for this purpose.

·         Avoid rubbing the anal area. You can rinse off in the shower or on a bidet instead of wiping yourself with toilet paper. After cleansing, gently pat the anal area dry with a soft, absorbent towel or cloth.

·         Use soaps that contain no perfumes or dyes.

Relieve pain and itching

·         Apply ice several times a day for 10 minutes at a time. Follow this by placing a warm compress on the anal area for another 10 to 20 minutes.

·         Take a sitz bath. Fill your bathtub with just enough warm water to cover the anal area. Do this several times a day, especially after you have had a bowel movement. Soak for about 15 minutes at a time. Be careful! If the water is too warm, it can burn you.

Use nonprescription medicines as recommended by your doctor or pharmacist. See Medications for information on nonprescription ointments, creams, and suppositories.

Other comfort measures

·         You may need a day or more of  bed rest to take pressure off inflamed, irritated veins. If you are  pregnant, you may find it helpful to lie on your side. If you are not pregnant, sleeping on your  stomach with a pillow under your hips will help reduce swelling of hemorrhoids.

·         Try not to sit or stand for a long time when hemorrhoids are irritated. If you must sit for a long time, sit on a pillow. Avoid lifting heavy objects.

·         Wear cotton underwear to prevent moisture buildup, which can irritate hemorrhoids. Wear loose clothing to allow freedom of movement and to reduce pressure on the anal area.

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CROUP ... AND TREATMENT AT HOME

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Croup (laryngotracheitis) is a respiratory illness characterized by inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness. It typically occurs in children six months to three years of age and is caused by parainfluenza virus.

Signs and symptoms

Croup is characterized by a "barking" cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficult breathing which usually worsens at night. The "barking" cough is often described as resembling the call of a s seal or sea lion. The stridor is worsened by agitation or crying, and if it can be heard at rest, it may indicate critical narrowing of the airways. As croup worsens, stridor may decrease considerably.

Other symptoms include fever, coryza(symptoms typical of the common cold), and chest wall indrawing. Drooling or a very sick appearance indicate other medical conditions.

Because children have small airways, they are most susceptible to having more marked symptoms with croup, particularly children younger than three years old.

Nighttime croup symptoms of labored breathing can often lead concerned parents to bring their child to the emergency room.

Symptoms of croup usually last for three to five days.

Causes

Croup is usually caused by a virus infection, most often a parainfluenza virus.

Your child may contract a virus by breathing infected respiratory droplets coughed or sneezed into the air. Virus particles in these droplets may also survive on toys and other surfaces. If your child touches a contaminated surface and then touches his or her eyes, nose or mouth, an infection may follow.

The infection usually starts in the nasal membranes and then spreads to the vocal cords (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). Only a small percentage of exposed children actually develop croup.

Bacterial croup may be divided into laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis

Treatment

Children with croup are generally kept as calm as possible. Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases. Children with oxygen saturation under 92% should receive oxygen,[ and those with severe croup may be hospitalized for observation.If oxygen is needed, "blow-by" administration (holding an oxygen source near the child's face) is recommended, as it causes less agitation than use of a mask. With treatment, less than 0.2% of people require endotracheal intubation.

Self-care measures at home are effective for the vast majority of cases of croup. Aggressive treatment is rarely needed.

If your child's symptoms persist beyond three to five days or worsen, your child's doctor may prescribe a type of steroid (glucocorticoid) to reduce inflammation in the airway. Benefits will usually be felt within six hours. Dexamethasone is usually recommended because of its long-lasting effects (up to 72 hours).

Epinephrine is also effective in reducing airway inflammation. It's fast-acting, but its effects wear off quickly.

For severe croup, your child may need to spend time in a hospital. In rare instances, a temporary breathing tube may need to be placed in the child's windpipe.

Croup can be scary — especially if it lands your child in the doctor's office, emergency room or hospital. Comforting your child and keeping him or her calm are important, because crying and agitation worsen airway obstruction. Hold your child, sing lullabies or read quiet stories. Offer a favorite blanket or toy. Speak in a soothing voice.

When to call the doctor

If you are concerned that your child's croup is not improving, contact your child's doctor, local emergency department, or emergency medical services (911) even if it is the middle of the night. Consider calling if your child

·         Makes a whistling sound that gets louder with each breath

·         Cannot speak or make verbal sounds for lack of breath

·         Seems to be struggling to catch her breath

·         Has bluish lips or fingernails

·         Has stridor when resting

·         Drools or has extreme difficulty swallowing saliva

·         Treating with medicine

Treatment at home

If your child wakes up in the middle of the night with croup, take him into the bathroom. Close the door and turn the shower on the hottest setting to let the bathroom steam up. Sit in the steamy bathroom with your child. Within 15 to 20 minutes, the warm, moist air should help his breathing. The barky cough may take longer to improve.

Sometimes another attack of croup will occur the same night or the next. If it does, repeat the steam treatment in the bathroom. Steam almost always works. If it does not, take your child outdoors for a few minutes. Inhaling moist, cool night air may help open the air passages so that he can breathe more freely.

Prevention

·         Frequent hand-washing

·         encourage your child to cough or sneeze into his or her elbow.

·         Vaccinations : diphtheria and Haemophilus influenza

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Abbreviation of Measures

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Abbreviations for most units of measurements use small letters and periods. The few exceptions that use capital letters are noted below. Temperature abbreviations use capitals because they come from proper nouns. Measures of mass or weight of types of tons are usually capitalized when abbreviated.

Abbreviations for metric units, including temperatures (Kelvin or Celsius), do not end with periods. Non-metric units with "per" (such as "miles per hour") usually do not take periods, either.

Temperature abbreviations are used in all types of writing. Other abbreviations of measurements are limited to lists, charts, technical writing, and informal writing. In standard formal English, they are spelled out.

If you spell out the number, spell out the unit of measurement.


There is no need to add an s to an abbreviation to show a plural. This is sometimes done in advertising ( "3 lbs. For a dollar"), but it is not necessary.

gal or gals       = gallons                                 g          = gram

O, pt or pts     = pints                                    kg         = kilogram (1,000g)

oz or ozs         = ounces                                mg        = milligram (1/1,000g)

fl.oz     = fluid ounces                                   mcg or  µg         = microgram (1/1,000,000g)

lb or lbs          = pounds                               L or l    = litre (or liter in US)

st         = stones                                              cl          = centilitre (1/100 L)

gtts      = drops                                              ml         = millilitre (1/1000 L)

iu         = international units                          µl         = microlitre (1/1,000,000 L)

m or min         = minims                                meq or mEq    = Milliequivalent

hr        = hour                                                 m         = metre (or meter in US)

min      = minutes                                           mm       = millimetre (1/1,000 m)

sec       = seconds                                    cc or cu.cm = cubic centimetres (1/1,000 L(

ft         = foot or feet                                      dr        = dram or drachm

gr        = grains                                              sc         = scruple

t or tsp            = teaspoon                             T or tbsp         = tablespoon

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