What are the transmission routes the Ebola virus?

What are the transmission routes the Ebola virus?

Direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with

·         a sick person's blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and semen)

·         objects (such as needles) that have been contaminated with infected body fluids

·         infected animals

Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.

People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.

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What is Pulmonary Embolism ؟

Pulmonary Embolism

-          Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombi that originates somewhere in the venous system or in the right side of heart.

x Causes:

1. Immobility
2. Coagulopthy
3. Vascular disease
4. Surgery
5. Aging
6. Obesity
7. Oral contraceptives
8. Trauma
9. Injury
10. Constrictive Clothing

x Clinical Manifestations:

1. Dyspnea
2. Tachypnea
3. Chest pain
4. Pleuritic pain (Sharp)
5. Anxiety
6. Fever
7. Diaphoresis
8. Hemoptysais
9. Cough
10. Syncope

x Therapeutic Intervention: 

1. Anticoagulation with heparin IV until therapeutic PTT is attained; sodium warfarin is used for maintenance therapy.
2. Thrombolytic Therapy (streptokinase, alteplase, urokinase)
3. Angiography: if the condition sever, an embolectomy may be indicated
4. vena caval interruption
5. nasal O2
6. I.V morphine or sedative are administered
7. high fowlers position 

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How do you get on the belly taut in a week ?

How do you get on the belly taut in a week ?

Steps:

1.    Healthy Eating for a flat belly:

·        Eating small frequent meals and this helps your stomach to become smaller, and helps to increase metabolism and burn.

·        Limit intake of fiber-rich foods, many fiber-rich foods such as broccoli, beans cause gas you delete them from your diet during this week, and after that you can go back to eating it gradually.

·        Eat small parts of fruit and vegetables during the day, with fruits and vegetables that are important for the food, but the increase may befall you dealt with swelling in the abdomen, so you have to divide the fruit and vegetables on the day and do not eat it all at once.

·        If your stomach swell when dealing with dairy products may be at your stomach sensitivity against lactose, a sugar found in dairy, you should then reduce the intake of dairy products, or you can also buy products free of lactose or take a digestive aid such as Lacataid to help break down lactose in the digestive tract.

·        Choose potassium-rich foods: Eating foods high potassium including avocados and bananas, papaya, mango, melon and yogurt-free sweetener industry, because potassium is a natural diuretic for urine, so it will help reduce water retention and bloating.

2.     Drinks flatten the the abdomen:

·        The most important drink of water: Water Mark number one in the water is making your drinks eating less and increases your metabolism, which helps to taut belly.

·        Green tea: Green tea contains antioxidants, which increases the speed of the burn, which helps to eliminate your belly fats.

·        Juices are a great way to stay hydrated your body, there are juices contribute to burn fat, such as pineapple juice, which was conducted by several research confirmed it.

·        Add ginger: ginger helps soothe your digestive tract, and can help reduce puffiness and add grated ginger or green tea to drink alone helps to burn fat.

·        Stay away from alcohol, drinking alcohol makes your body refrain from burning fat.

·        Avoid drinking carbonated water because the gases pass into your bowels and makes them swollen.

3.    Exercise to flatten the the abdomen:

·        Found a study conducted by Duke University is to exercise the most effective way to burn fat fast.

·        Get at least 150 minutes per week of physical activity such as walking or easy swimming or 75 minutes per week of activity powers (such as running).

·        Exercise in the hall exercises are very useful to flatten your tummy, where coach tells you useful exercises to flatten the muscles.

·        You need to continue to exercise your the abdomen muscles, especially until you get a taut belly.

4. Lifestyle helps to flatten the the abdomen:

·        Stand up straight and taut, makes you get a belly taut gradually.

·        Choose the type of clothes that do not show your belly and help you get rid of the abdomen.

Warnings:

-         Do not press against yourself

-         Do not hungry yourself, but eat useful.

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What is finger clubbing?

                                                                                                                                             Home

What is finger clubbing?

Finger clubbing is a thickening of the fingertips that gives them an abnormal rounded appearance. The exact cause of finger clubbing is not known, but it is a common symptom of respiratory disease, congenital heart disease, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Respiratory diseases associated with finger clubbing include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, cystic fibrosis (thick mucus in the throat and digestive tract), and bronchiectasis (destruction of the large airways). Congenital heart diseases (heart diseases present since birth) that lead to finger clubbing are typically cyanotic, meaning that they cause a person to appear blue due to reduced oxygen in the blood. Clubbing has been seen in pregnancy and acromegal (gigantism due to pituitary tumor).

Gastrointestinal disorders that can lead to clubbing of the fingers include celiac disease, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease, especially in severe cases, such as cirrhosis of the liver. Other diseases associated with finger clubbing include Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Graves’ disease (thyroid condition). Clubbing may be accompanied by cyanosis (blue coloration of the skin) and shortness of breath.

Finger clubbing can be associated with symptoms of a serious or life-threatening condition. For serious symptoms, such as severe difficulty breathing, severe chest pain, bluish coloration of the lips or fingernails, change in level of consciousness or alertness, and rapid heart rate. Calling on emergency if serious symptoms .

What other symptoms might occur with finger clubbing?

Finger clubbing may accompany other symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition and may also involve the respiratory, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal systems.

Respiratory system symptoms that may occur along with finger clubbing

Finger clubbing may accompany other symptoms that affect the respiratory system including:

·        Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

·        Coughing up clear, yellow, light brown, or green mucus

·        Cough that gets more severe over time

·        Difficulty breathing

·        Loose, wet cough that produces thick white or yellow phlegm

·        Rapid breathing (tachypnea) or shortness of breath

·        Wheezing (whistling sound made with breathing)

Cardiovascular system symptoms that may occur along with finger clubbing

Finger clubbing may accompany symptoms related to the cardiovascular system including:

·        Bluish lips, nails or skin (cyanosis)

·        Chest pain or pressure

·        Irregular heart rate (arrhythmia

·        Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)

·        Squatting posture in young children

Gastrointestinal symptoms that may occur along with finger clubbing

Finger clubbing may accompany symptoms that are related to the gastrointestinal system including:

·        Abdominal bloating

·        Abdominal pain or cramping

·        Abnormally foul-smelling stools

·        Blood-streaked stools

·        Chronic or persistent diarrhea

·        Indigestion

·        Loss of appetite

·        Nausea with or without vomiting

·        Unexplained weight loss

Serious symptoms that might indicate a life-threatening condition

In some cases, finger clubbing can be a symptom of a life-threatening condition. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these life-threatening symptoms including:

·        Bluish coloration of the lips or fingernails

·        Change in level of consciousness or alertness, such as passing out or unresponsiveness

·        Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)

·        Respiratory or breathing problems, such as shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, labored breathing, wheezing, not breathing, or choking

What causes finger clubbing?

The exact cause of finger clubbing is not known, but it is a common symptom of respiratory disease, congenital heart disease, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Respiratory disease causes of finger clubbing

Finger clubbing may be caused by respiratory diseases including:

·        Bronchiectasis (destruction and widening of the large airways)

·        Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis

·        Cystic fibrosis (thick mucus in the lungs and respiratory tract)

·        Lung abscess

·        Lung cancer

·        Pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lungs)

Congenital cardiac disease causes of finger clubbing

Finger clubbing can also be caused by congenital cardiac diseases including:

·        Tetralogy of Fallot (combination of four structural defects)

·        Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR; rare condition in which the pulmonary veins do not empty into the heart)

·        Transposition of the great vessels (rare condition in which the major vessels entering or leaving the heart are misconnected

Gastrointestinal disease causes of finger clubbing

Finger clubbing can also be caused by gastrointestinal diseases including:

·        Celiac disease (severe sensitivity to gluten from wheat and other grains that causes intestinal damage)

·        Cirrhosis of the liver

·        Inflammatory bowel disease (includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)

·        Liver cancer

Other causes of finger clubbing

Finger clubbing can also have other causes including:

·        Acromegaly (gigantism caused by a pituitary tumor)

·        Atrial myxoma (tumor arising within heart(

·        Dysentery (infectious inflammation of the colon, causing severe diarrhea)

·        Endocarditis (inflammation of heart tissue, often infectious(

·        Graves’ disease (type of hyperthyroidism resulting in excessive thyroid hormone production(

·        Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cancer of the lymph tissues(

·        Pregnancy

Questions for diagnosing the cause of finger clubbing

To diagnose your condition, your doctor or licensed health care practitioner will ask you several questions related to your finger clubbing including:

·        Do you have any other symptoms?

·        Do you have difficulty breathing?

·        What medications are you taking?

·        When did you first notice finger clubbing?

·        What are the potential complications of finger clubbing?

Because finger clubbing can be due to serious diseases that cause cyanosis, failure to seek treatment can result in serious complications and permanent damage. Once the underlying cause is diagnosed, it is important for you to follow the treatment plan that you and your health care professional design specifically for you to reduce the risk of potential complications including:

·        Heart failure

·        Long-term physical disability

·        Organ failure or dysfunction

·        Respiratory failure

·        Spread of cancer

·        Spread of infection

Treatment:

No specific treatment for clubbing is available. Treatment of the underlying pathological condition may decrease the clubbing or, potentially, reverse it if performed early enough. Once substantial chronic tissue changes, including increased collagen deposition, have occurred, reversal is unlikely. Treatment for related problems, such as pain, is symptomatic.

Source : http://www.healthgrades.com/

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